Tuesday, December 24, 2019
The Picture Of Dorian Gray Character Analysis - 863 Words
society affects everyone, but it often has both positive and negative effects based on superficial appearances. Society and the people within society affect the main characters in the novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, and the short story, Face, based on their external appearances, which creates many differences, but ultimately leads to some major similarities in the lives of the main characters. Both of the main characters have something extraordinary about their outward appearances. Dorian Gray has the gift of youth and beauty, while the main character in Face has a large birthmark covering half of his face. The main characters are affected in opposing manners, and but certain aspects of their lives are quite similar. Both main†¦show more content†¦Of late he had felt no such pleasure,†(Oscar, O, 229). Dorian Gray comes to the conclusion that knowing he will never look his age and that his real inner self is in a portrait has corrupted him. Therefore, it can be easi ly understood that while living a vain life and being loved by many people led to an empty life for Dorian Gray. On the other hand, the main character in Face has gotten a lot of negative behavior towards him because of a disfiguration, primarily by his father and Nancy’s mother in the story. This caused him to not have many deep relationships, live a lonelier life, and have a career where few people saw his face. For example, the main character’s father was so disgusted by the birthmark on the main character’s face, that he didn’t want to take him home from the hospital; â€Å"‘You don’t need to think you’re going to bring that into the house.’ One side of my face wasâ€â€is normal†¦ I look as if someone had dumped grape juice on me, a big, serious splash that turns into droplets only when it reaches my neck,†(Munro, A, 2-3). This is only one of the many hateful comments the main character’s father directed at him, which was considerably different than the love Dorian Gray received often in the novel. The mai n character’s lifestyle is also very different than that of Dorian Gray as his job was one where few people saw his face; â€Å"I was able to get a job as an announcer, first in Winnipeg, then back in Toronto. For the last twenty years of myShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Character Analysis830 Words  | 4 Pagesappearances have much to do with the perception of characters in literature. The way a character looks can have a great effect on both the way other characters interact with them and the way the characters themselves interact with both their own thoughts and the world around them. In the works chosen, the appearances of the characters to be analyzed fall on opposite ends of the spectrum of aestheticism. Dorian Gray, from Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray possesses an â€Å"...extraordinary personal beautyRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Character Analysis1860 Words  | 8 PagesIn Oscar Wilde’s novel The Picture of Dorian Gra y a beautiful young man gets to stay young because a portrait receives all the signs of aging and sin. Although the portrait grows truly grotesque with the marks of sin, Dorian gets to continue on his path of immorality. Yet, when he stabs the portrait to free his conscience, he dies because he has killed the essence of who he is. In the novel, Wilde uses the ideals of conscience and beauty to reveal how affixation with one’s outward appearance willRead MoreOscar Fingal O Flahertie Wilde1533 Words  | 7 PagesConstance Lloyd. During the first years of his marriage, he had two children, Cyril and Vyvyan, and had become a successful writing reviewer. He also became a famous playwright and novel author; releasing his only, yet successful novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. After these years of great success and prosperity, Wilde came to his downfall through his homosexual relations with Robert Ross, and mainly, Lord Alfred Douglas. Through these affairs, and his involvement with male prostitutes, Wilde wasRead MoreEssay on Analysis of the Women in The Picture of Dorian Gray1149 Words  | 5 PagesAnalysis of the Women in The Picture of Dorian Gray      Sibyl falls head over heels in love with Dorian Gray, willing to commit her life to him after only two weeks. Lady Henry hardly knows her husband, to whom she has been married for some time. Because neither woman is in a stable and comfortable situation, both eventually take drastic measures to move on. Therefore, in The Picture of Dorian Gray, both Sibyl Vane and Lady Henry are weak, flighty, and naive.          The weakness ofRead MoreThe Relationship between Dorian Gray, Basil Hallward and Lord Henry Wotton1374 Words  | 6 Pagesnovel The Picture of Dorian Gray, which is a story about debauchery and corruption of innocence and well known as a Gothic melodrama. Violent twists and a sneaky plot make this novel a distinct reflection of human pride and corrupt nature. Before we examine the quality of the error that Dorian Gray commits, we should first examine his friends and their relation to him because Dorian falls into this error with a little help from his friends. 1. The relationship between Dorian Gray and BasilRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1778 Words  | 8 PagesXI of The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, the eponymous character, Dorian, practices escapist behavior. Upon noticing his portrait changing to reflect his immoral acts, he hides the picture in his upstairs schoolroom and distracts himself with New Hedonism, the amoral lifestyle preached by Lord Henry Wotton. Chapter XI chronicles Dorian s material pleasures over the course of eighteen years. Initially, I believed that the purpose of this cataloguing chapter was to illustrate Dorian s escapistRead MoreAbstract Aestheticism in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray2148 Words  | 9 Pageslooked at as a whole, and only those who can see the complete picture can truly understand the meaning behind art, while also seeing into the artists soul. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde portrays aestheticism in many ways, mainly through art and the human soul. Wilde, comparable to a puppeteer, manipulates each character in order to ultimately depict the ideas behind aestheticism; he plays upon each characters eternal search for contentment, their connections with their innerRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Oscar Wilde s Work Essay1786 Words  | 8 Pages Literary Analysis of Oscar Wilde’s work. Oscar Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and critic. He is viewed as one of the best dramatists of the Victorian Era. Besides literary accomplishments, he is also famous, or perhaps infamous, for his intelligence, showiness, and affairs with men. He was tried and imprisoned for his homosexual relationship (then considered a crime). In the wake of writing in various structures all through the 1880s, heRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Oscar Wilde s The Canterville Ghost And The Picture Of Dorian Gray Essay2157 Words  | 9 PagesAnalysis of characters, plot and literary criticism of Oscar Wilde’s Novel â€Å"The Canterville Ghost†and â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray†Oscar Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and critic. He is viewed as one of the best dramatists of the Victorian Era. Besides literary accomplishments, he is also famous, or perhaps or notorious, for his intelligence, showiness, and affairs with men. He was tried and imprisoned for his homosexual relationship (then considered a crime)Read MoreThe Balance of Dorian Grays Structure of Personality in Oscar Wildes Novel the Picture of Dorian Gray: a Study of Psychoanalysis3447 Words  | 14 PagesTHE BALANCE OF DORIAN GRAY’S STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY IN OSCAR WILDE’S NOVEL THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY: A STUDY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Background of the study Human lives with their desire though some of their desire are failed to deliver because of the norms border. As a human, we live in a community and it is impossible to do as we please. Norms play the role as law where it limits our behavior and make the standard law points about what we can do or what we cannot do. This law usually opposes
Monday, December 16, 2019
Hartwell Genetics Ch. 13 Study Guide Free Essays
string(151) " of the following does not happen when an intragenic inversion occurs\? |A\) |One part of the gene is relocated to a distant region of the chromosome\." Chapter 13â€â€Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number Reshape Eukaryote Genomes Fill in the Blank |1. |Events that reshape genomes by reorganizing the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes are known as ____________________. | |Ans: |rearrangements | | |Difficulty:  2 | |2. We will write a custom essay sample on Hartwell Genetics Ch. 13 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now |____________________, duplications, inversions, translocations, and movements of transposable elements are all types of | | |rearrangements of chromosomal material. |Ans: |Deletions | | |Difficulty:  2 | |3. |Very large deletions are visible at the relatively low resolution of a __________________, showing up as the loss of one or more| | |bands from a chromosome. | |Ans: |karyotype | | |Difficulty:  2 | |4. |Changes in gene ____________________, the number of times a given gene is present in the cell nucleus, can create a genetic | | |imbalance. |Ans: |dosage | | |Difficulty:  3 | |5. |An unpaired bulge of one member of a homologous pair of chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I is known as a | | |____________________. | |Ans: |deletion loop | | |Difficulty:  3 | 6. |A recessive mutation in the mouse that prevents homozygous animals from walking in a straight line is known as the | | |____________________ gene. | |Ans: |shaker-1 | | |Difficulty:  3 | |7. |When repeats of a region lie adjacent to each other they are called ____________________ duplications. |Ans: |tandem | | |Difficulty:  2 | |8. |Inversions that include the centromere are termed ____________________. | |Ans: |pericentric | | |Difficulty:  2 | 9. |Inversions that exclude the centromere are termed ____________________. | |Ans: |paracentric | | |Difficulty:  2 | |10. |A crossover product that lacks a centromere is known as a(n) ____________________fragment. | |Ans: acentric | | |Difficulty:  2 | |11. |The type of large-scale mutation in which parts of two different chromosomes trade places is a ____________________ | | |translocation. | |Ans: |reciprocal | | |Difficulty:  2 | |12. |____________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes transposition. |Ans: |Transposase | | |Difficulty:  2 | |13. |Organisms with four copies of a particular chromosome (2n+2) are ________________. | |Ans: |tetrasomic | | |Difficulty:  3 | |14. |Down syndrome is also known as ____________________. |Ans: |trisomy 21 | | |Difficulty:  2 | |15. |If a tetraploid derives all of its chromosome sets from the same species, we call this kind of polyploid a(n) | | |____________________. | |Ans: |autopolyploid | | |Difficulty:  3 | Multiple Choice |16. |Which of the following are considered chromosomal rearrangements? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |all of the above | | |Ans:  E | | |Difficulty:  1 | |17. |Which of the following removes material from the genome? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  1 | |18. |Which of the following adds material to the genome? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  1 | |19. The type of chromosomal rearrange ment which reorganizes the DNA sequence within one chromosome is known as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |20. |In general, which of the following usually has a greater chance of lethality than the others? |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |all have an equal chance | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |21. |Sometimes a piece of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome. This is known as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  1 | |22. |Sometimes a part of the genome moves from chromosome to chromosome. This is known generally as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |transposable element | | |Ans:  E | | |Difficulty:  2 | |23. |Rearrangements and changes in chromosome number may affect gene activity or gene transmission by altering the | | |________________________ of certain genes in a cell. |A) |position | |B) |order | |C) |number | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |24. |Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because: | |A) |rearrangements occur frequently. | |B) |changes in chromosome number occur infrequently. | |C) |genetic instabilities produced by genomic changes usually are at a selective disadvantage. | |D) |genetic imbalances are often at a selective advantage. | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |25. |Despite selection against chromosomal variations: | |A) |related species almost always have the same karyotype. | |B) |related species almost alway s have a different karyotype. | |C) |closely related species diverge by many chromosomal rearrangements. | |D) |distantly related species diverge by only a few chromosomal rearrangements. | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  2 | |26. In higher organisms, using genetic analysis is usually difficult to distinguish small deletions in one gene from: | |A) |heterozygotes. | |B) |small duplications. | |C) |monosomies. | |D) |point mutations. | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  1 | |27. |For an organism to survive a deletion of more than a few genes, it must carry a nondeleted homolog of the deleted chromosome. | | |This is known as: | |A) |a deletion heterozygote. | |B) |a deletion homozygote. | |C) |dosage compensation. | |D) |a triplolethal chromosome. | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |28. |Individuals born heterozygotes for certain deletions have a greatly increased risk of losing both copies of certain genes and | | |developing cancer. One such disease is: | |A) |triplolethal. | |B) |scarlet eyes. | |C) |retinoblastoma. | |D) |cataracts. | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  1 | |29. |During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a normal, nondeleted chromosome that has nothing with | | |which to recombine forms a so-called: | |A) |inversion loop. | |B) |deletion heterozygote. | |C) |crossover suppressor. | |D) |deletion loop. | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |30. Using Drosophila polytene chromosomes and small deletions, geneticists have been able to: | |A) |map the shaker-1 gene in Drosophila. | |B) |assign genes to regions of one or two polytene chromosome bands. | |C) |assign genes to regions of 100kb or less of DNA. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |31. |Which of the following molecular techniques could a scientist use to help locate genes on cloned fragments of DNA with deletion | | |mutants? |A) | In situ hybridization | |B) |Crossover analysis | |C) |Southern blot analysis | |D) |all of the above | |E) |both a and c | | |Ans:  E | | |Difficulty:  3 | |32. |Duplications arise by: | |A) |chromosomal breakage and faulty repair. | |B) |unequal crossing over. | |C) |errors in replication. |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  1 | |33. |During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a chromosome bearing extra copies of a particular | | |chromosomal region that has nothing with which to recombine forms a so-called: | |A) |inversion loop. | |B) |deletion heterozygote. | |C) |duplication loop. | |D) |deletion loop. | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |34. An inversion may result from: | |A) |a half-circle rotation of a chromosomal region following two double-strand breaks in a chromosome’s DNA. | |B) |the action of a transposable element. | |C) |a crossover between DNA sequences present in two positions on the same chromosome in inverted orientat ion. | |D) |all of the above | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |35. Inversions may be hard to detect because they: | |A) |never visibly change chromosome banding patterns. | |B) |increase recombination in heterozygotes. | |C) |do not usually cause an abnormal phenotype. | |D) |normally are removed immediately in natural populations. | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  3 | |36. |Which of the following does not happen when an intragenic inversion occurs? |A) |One part of the gene is relocated to a distant region of the chromosome. You read "Hartwell Genetics Ch. 13 Study Guide" in category "Papers" | |B) |One part of the gene stays at its original site. | |C) |Homozygotes for the inversion do not survive. | |D) |The gene’s function is not disrupted. | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  3 | |37. |When a crossover occurs within the inversion loop of a pericentric inversion each recombinant chromatid will have: | |A) |a single centromere. | |B) |a duplication of one region. | |C) |a deletion different from the one of duplication. |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |38. |Robertsonian translocations result from which of the following? | |A) |Breaks at or near the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes followed by the reciprocal exchange of broken parts. | |B) |A part of one chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome. | |C) |Unequal crossing over during meiosis. | |D) |The fusion of two small chromosomes end-to-end such that a double centromere occurs. | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |39. |Which of the following does not usually show a problem during meiosis? |A) |translocation heterozygotes | |B) |translocation homozygotes | |C) |paracentric inversion | |D) |pericentric inversion | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  1 | |40. |Of the following segregation patterns, which one is most likely to result in a normal zygote? |A) |alterna te | |B) |adjacent-1 | |C) |adjacent-2 | |D) |nondisjunction | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |41. |The condition of semisterility is most closely associated with: | |A) |chromosomal duplications. | |B) |pericentric inversions. | |C) |translocation heterozygotes. | |D) |translocation homozygotes. | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |42. |Translocations can help: | |A) |determine linkage groups. | |B) |aid in the diagnosis and treatment of certain cancers. | |C) |map important genes. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  1 | |43. Down Syndrome can result from: | |A) |three copies of chromosome 21. | |B) |a translocation of a part of chromosome 21. | |C) |a reciprocal translocation between any two autosomes. | |D) |a and b | |E) |a, b, and c | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |44. |Which of the following do translocations and inversions not have in common? |A) |don’t alter the amount of DNA in the genome | |B) |ability to alter gene function | |C) |use of inversion loops during crossing over | |D) |catalysts of speciation | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |45. |A transposition is considered a cytologically invisible sequence rearrangement. With which of the following does it share this | | |property? |A) |small deletion | |B) |large duplication | |C) |inversion | |D) |translocation | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |46. |Barbara McClintock is most closely associated with which of the following? | |A) |The initial discovery of genetic transposition. | |B) |The discovery of transposable elements in corn. | |C) |The mutation rate in translocation heterozygotes. | |D) |The demonstration of the presence of transposable elements in polytene chromosomes. | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  1 | |47. |Transposable elements have many things in common. Which of the following is not a usual characteristic of them? | |A) |Typically smaller than 50 bp. | |B) |May be present in a genome from one to thousands of times. | |C) |Are found only in a select group of organisms. | |D) |Need not be sequences that do something for the organism. | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  3 | |48. |Retroposons and retro-viruses have structural parallels. Which of the following also shares structural parallels with them? |A) |tRNA | |B) |DS-DNA | |C) |rRNA | |D) |mRNA | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |49. |Which of the following is a possible effect that a transposable element may have on a gene? | |A) |Shift the reading frame. | |B) |Diminish the efficiency of splicing. | |C) |Provide a transcription stop signal. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |50. Which of the following is not an aneuploidy? | |A) |monosomy | |B) |tetraploid | |C) |trisomy | |D) |tetrasomy | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficul ty:  1 | |51. |The most common human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, Down syndrome. All of the effects listed below may be seen in this syndrome | | |except: | |A) |death always by age 25. | |B) |mental retardation. | |C) |skeletal abnormalities. | |D) |heart defects. | |E) |increased susceptibility to infection. | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |52. |Which of the following sex chromosome aneuploidies is not usually seen in live births? | |A) |XO |B) |XXY | |C) |YO | |D) |XXX | |E) |None of the above | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |53. |Turner syndrome, XO, is a sex chromosome aneuploidy. Of the effects listed below, which one is not usually seen in this | | |syndrome? |A) |unusually short stature | |B) |infertility | |C) |skeletal abnormalities | |D) |unusually long limbs | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |54. |In Drosophila, a gynandromorph, which is composed of equal parts male and female tissue, results from: | |A) |an XX female losing one X chromosome during the first mitotic division after fertilization. | |B) |an egg carrying an X chromosome fertilized by a Y-carrying sperm. | |C) |a normal egg fertilized by both an X-carrying sperm and a Y-carrying sperm. | |D) |the fusion of a female embryo with a male embryo. | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  3 | |55. |Which of the following is not an example of a euploid condition? | |A) |triploidy | |B) |diploidy | |C) |Down syndrome | |D) |tetraploidy | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  1 | |56. Triploid organisms usually result from: | |A) |the union of haploid and diploid gametes. | |B) |unequal disjunction during embryogenesis. | |C) |propagation of fused cell lines. | |D) |fusion of three gametes simultaneously. | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |57. |During mitosis, if the chromosomes in a diploid tissue fail to separate after replication, the resulting daughter cells will be:| |A) |monoploid. | |B) |tetrasomic. |C) |triploid. | |D) |tetraploid. | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |58. |Hybrids in which the chromosome sets come from two distinct, though related, species are known as: | |A) |autopolyploids. | |B) |allopolyploids. | |C) |amphiploids. | |D) |bivalents. | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  2 | |59. |The genus Triticale is a new genus of the various allopolyploid hybrids between wheat and rye. Some of the members of this genus| | |show agricultural promise because: | |A) |wheat has a high yield. | |B) |rye adapts well to unfavorable environments. | |C) |wheat has a high level of protein. | |D) |rye has a high level of lysine. | |E) |all of the above | | |Ans:  E | | |Difficulty:  2 | |60. |Which of the following rarely, if ever, results in a positive force for evolution? |A) |polyploidy | |B) |allopolyploidy | |C) |trisomy | |D) |amphidiploidy | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | Matching | | Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. inversion b. duplication c. deletion d. translocation e. transposable element |61. |A piece of genetic material that moves from place to place in the genome. | |Ans: |e | | |Difficulty:  2 | |62. |A change in the genome whereby new material is added to the genome. | |Ans: |b | | |Difficulty:  1 | |63. |A change in the genetic material where a DNA sequence changes direction. |Ans: |a | | |Difficulty:  1 | |64. |A decrease of genetic material in the genome. | |Ans: |c | | |Difficulty:  1 | |65. |A piece of chromosome attaches to another chromosome. | |Ans: |d | | |Difficulty:  2 | | | Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. retroposon b. transposon c. transposable element d. transposase |66. |Any DNA segment that moves about in the genome. |Ans: |c | | |Difficulty:  3 | |67. |Moves in the genome with the aid of an RNA intermediate. | |Ans: |a | | |Difficulty:  2 | |68. |Moves DNA directly. | |Ans: |b | | |Difficulty:  3 | |69. |An enzyme that catalyzes a transposition event. | |Ans: |d | | |Difficulty:  1 | True or False |70. |When comparing mouse and human Giemsa-stained karyotypes, we see no conservation of banding patterns. | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |71. |Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because rearrangements and changes in chromosome number occur | | |infrequently. | | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  3 | |72. |Changes in chromosome number include aneuploidy, monoploidy, polyploidy, and duplications. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  2 | |73. |Deletion may arise from errors in replication, from faulty meiotic or mitotic recombination, and from exposure to X-rays. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |74. |Homozygosity for a deletion is often, but not always, lethal. | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |75. |Recessive mutations can often be covered by deletions in heterozygotes. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |76. |Most duplications have no obvious phenotypic consequences and can be detected only by cytological or molecular means. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  2 | |77. |Duplication of chromosomal segments rarely has an effect on the evolution of genomes. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |78. |Crossing-over within an inversion loop produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  3 | |79. |Reciprocal translocations are usually phenotypically abnormal because they have neither lost nor gained genetic material. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  1 | |80. |A hallmark of transposons is that their ends are inverted repeats of each other. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  3 | |81. |The mouse genome has high synteny with the human genome since about 170 DNA blocks are simply rearranged betwee n the two | | |genomes. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |82. |Euploid cells contain only incomplete sets of chromosomes. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  2 | |83. |Down syndrome is an example of triploidy. | | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  2 | |84. |Genetic imbalance results from polyploidy. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  1 | |85. |An acentric fragment is an inversion cross-over product lacking a centromere. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  1 | Short Answer |86. |Explain how data from the linkage groups of the mouse can be used as a resource for assessing human linkage groups. |Ans: |Because virtually all genes cloned from the mouse genome are conserved in the human genome and vice versa, it is | | |possible to construct linkage maps for the two genomes from the same set of markers. Comparisons of the mouse and human| | |linkage groups allow one to see a picture somewhere between complete correspondence and unrelatedness. Genes closely | | |linked in the mouse tend to be closely linked in humans, but genes that are less tightly linked in one species tend not| | |to be linked at all in the other. This shows that even though mice and humans diverged about 65 million years ago, the | | |DNA sequences in many regions are very similar. | |Difficulty:  4 | |87. |Explain the differences between chromosomal rearrangements and changes in chromosome number. Cite at least one example of each. | |Ans: |Chromosomal rearrangements reorganize the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes. Changes in chromosome number | | |involve losses or gains of entire chromosomes or sets of chromosomes. (Student may cite as an example of | | |rearrangements: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, and transposable elements. For changes in chromosome | | |number student may cite an aneuploidy such as a monosomy or trisomy, monoploidy, or polyploidy. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |88. |Describe how an inversion heterozygote can reduce the number of recombinant progeny. | |Ans: |When inversion heterozygotes have chromosomes pair up during meiosis, an inversion loop is formed to allow the tightest| | |possible alignment of homologous regions. This always produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. Two inversion cases are| | |possible – pericentric and paracentric. In a pericentric crossover within the inversion loop each recombinant will | | |carry a duplication of one region and a deletion of another. This abnormal dosage of some genes will result in abnormal| | |gametes and if they fertilize normal gametes, zygotes may die because of genetic imbalance. In a paracentric crossover | | |within the inversion loop the recombinant chromatids will be unbalanced in both gene dosage and centromere number. | | |(Student may then explain how centromere number can result in genetically unbalanced gametes such as what acentric and | | |dicentric chromatids would produce. ) | | |Difficulty:  4 | |89. Discuss the several effects that translocations and inversions have in common. | |Ans: |Both translocations and inversions change genomic position without affecting the total amount of DNA. If a breakpoint | | |of either one is within a gene, the gene function may be altered or lost. Both types may produce genetically imbalanced| | |gametes that may negatively affect a zygote or developing embryo. (Student may explain at this point the differences | | |between how the imbalanced gametes are produced. ) Because both reduce viable progeny and heterozygotes, they may play a| | |role in speciation and evolution. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |90. Explain the possible effects that a transposable element may have on a gene. | |Ans: |Insertion of a transposable element near or within a gene can affect gene expression and alter phenotype. For example, | | |a B type hemophilia occurs after insertion of Alu into the gene encoding clotting factor IX. Secondly, the effect of | | |insertion depends on what the element is and where the insertion point is. If insertion is into a protein-coding exon, | | |the reading frame may shift or a stop codon may be introduced. Insertion into an intron may lower the efficiency of | | |splicing, which may result in removal from the transcript that could lower production of a normal polypeptide. A stop | | |signal could also affect genes downstream. Upstream insertion into a regulatory gene could affect gene function in | | |various ways also. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |91. |Explain the mechanism by which aneuploidy occurs. | |Ans: |Aneuploidy occurs because of meiotic nondisjunction either in meiosis I or meiosis II. In meiosis I if homologs do not | | |separate all gametes produced will contain an error. Two of the gametes will contain both homologs and two will contain| | |neither. When fertilization of a normal gamete occurs by either of these abnormal gametes, aneuploidy results. Half of | | |the zygotes will be trisomic and half will be monosomic. Meiotic nondisjunction during meiosis II will produce two | | |normal and two abnormal gametes. If fertilization occurs with either of the abnormal gametes, aneuploid zygotes are | | |produced. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |92. |Discuss why triploid organisms are almost always sterile. | |Ans: |(Student may explain how triploids occur. ) Triploids are almost always sterile because meiosis produces mostly | | |unbalanced gametes. During the first meiotic division in a triploid germ cell, three sets of chromosomes must segregate| | |into two daughter cells. Most likely one daughter will end up with two chromosomes and the other will have only one of | | |any one set of homologs. Some cells will have two of some chromosomes and the normal one of others. Many combinations | | |of incorrect number of chromosomes will occur with very little chance of the normal amount. Most gametes will be | | |aberrant and will have a reduced chance of producing viable offspring. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |93. |Discuss how deletions and duplications may contribute to evolution. |Ans: |General examples of how chromosomal rearrangements might contribute to evolution: | | |Deletions – a small deletion that moves a coding sequence of one gene next to a promoter or other regulatory element of| | |an adjacent gene may, rarely, allow expression of a protein at a novel time in development or in a novel tissue. If the| | |new tim e or place of expression is advantageous to the organism, it might become established in the genome. | | |Duplications – a duplication will provide at least two copies of a gene. If one copy maintains the original function, | | |the other could conceivably acquire a new function that would probably be related to the original function. Many | | |examples can be seen in higher plants and animals. (Students may also write about the evolutionary contributions of the| | |other chromosomal rearrangements and might even mention the role of changes in chromosome number. ) | | |Difficulty:  4 | |94. |Why do inversions act as cross-over suppressors? | |Ans: |Inversions act as cross-over suppressors because only progeny that do not recombine within an inversion loop will | | |survive. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |95. |What is a balancer chromosome? |Ans: |A balancer chromosome is a special chromosome often created by the use of X-rays for the purpose of genetic | | |manipulation; these chromosomes often carry multiple, overlapping inversions that enable researchers to follow them | | |through crosses, and a recessive lethal mutation that prevents the survival of homozygotes. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |96. |What is the difference between alternate and an adjacent-1 segregation or an adjacent-2 segregation pattern? | |Ans: |An alternate segregation pattern results in balanced chromosomes while adjacent 1or 2 patterns yield chromosomes that | | |are unbalanced. | |Difficulty:  4 | Experimental Design and Interpretation of Data |97. |We now know that several organisms have a high degree of synteny at the genomic level. You wish to test the hypothesis that the| | |laboratory mouse and human share genomic similarities. What tests would you complete and given that we now know that the mouse | | |and human genomes are highly syntenic, what results would you expect? | |Ans: |Karyotype analysis can be used to test the hypothesis of genomic similarities however, only animals that have high | | |homology will show similar banding patterns. Therefore, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) would be a more | | |useful technique to determine synteny. The mouse and human genomes are similar in that approximately 170 similar | | |fragments an average length of about 18 Mb are simply rearranged (this is not visible in a karyotype). | | |Difficulty:  4 | |98. |You are mapping traits in your favorite organism but unbeknownst to you, your laboratory model organism contains a rare | | |deletion. How will your mapping results be affected? |Ans: |The mapping distance will appear smaller than the actual physical distance in the wild-type organism. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |99. |You have discovered an altered phenotype and cloned the gene responsible. However, the gene you cloned appears to have an | | |unusual sequence in it. In order to determine the chromosomal location of your new gene, you perform FISH, using only the | | |unusual sequence, on several animals. To your surprise, the FISH results suggest that each an imal contains the gene on a | | |different chromosome. How would you interpret your results. |Ans: |The unusual sequence is a transposon and your â€Å"new†phenotype arose via the disruption of its gene by the transposon. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |100. |You are a master gardener and your favorite tomato plant is very sensitive to a pesticide called DEADBUG. You wish to make your| | |special tomato plants resistant to the pesticide which you spray on other bushes in your garden. Using microbial techniques | | |give sufficient and complete details of how you would do this (include ploidy status). | |Ans: |Haploid pollen grains are cold treated and plated on agar plates. The resulting embryoids are treated with hormone in | | |liquid culture and eventually grown as a monoploid plant. The plant is treated with a mutagen to induce mutations that | | |can result in insensitivity to the pesticide. Somatic cells are removed from the treated plant and plated on agar | | |containing DEADBUG. Only cells resistant to DEADBUG will grow. Again the embryoid is hormone treated and grown into a| | |resistant monoploid plant. Treatment with colchicine will allow duplication of chromosomes without separation | | |resulting in a normal diploid plant. | | |Difficulty:  4 | How to cite Hartwell Genetics Ch. 13 Study Guide, Papers
Sunday, December 8, 2019
Michelangelo Example For Students
Michelangelo Biography Outline1 Michelangelo biography1.1 Michelangelo (1475-1564)1.2 Personal Life of Michelangelo Buonarroti1.3 Last Years of Michelangelo Buonarroti Michelangelo biography â€Å"If people knew how hard I had to work to gain my mastery, it would not seem so wonderful at all.†Michelangelo Michelangelo (1475-1564) Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese, Italy. During his childhood, Michelangelo lived in Florence and spent a lot of time in a family manor in the countryside. Michelangelo’s father was the son of a noble family and worked as a mayor of Caprese. Despite the fact that grandfather and great-grandfather of the artist were successful bankers, his family was very poor, because the mayors position did not bring much money to his father. The mother of the baby was susceptible to various diseases. While being pregnant, she fell off the horse, and could not feed the baby on her own. The boys mother died when he was six years old, which strongly influenced the childs psyche and made him reserved, irritable and unsociable. His father worried about the sons state of mind and sent him to the school. It was a special place for Michelangelo, as at that school he found friends who instilled in him love towards art. As to the personality of the painter, Michelangelo was very modest unlike other artists of his generation. He always put the desires of others above his own and cared for his father and four brothers. At the age of 13, Michelangelo explained to his father that he would not continue the family financial business, but would study artistry. Thus, in 1488, his father sent the thirteen-year-old Michelangelo to study in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio, who at that time was considered one of the best masters not only in Florence but throughout Italy. Domenico was amazed by the skills of Michelangelo. The master noticed that the works of his new apprentice are much better than those of his groupmates. Moreover, some things Michelangelo could do even better than his master could. Once, when Domenico worked in a large chapel in Santa Maria Novella and left the room for a minute, Michelangelo started drawing a still life where he depicted tables, materials, and people who were there. When Domenico returned and saw the drawing of Michelangelo, he was astonished by the new manner of natural reproduction. A year later Lorenzo de Medici invited Michelangelo to his palace. He showed Michelangelo his gardens and beautiful collections of ancient works. Michelangelo independently mastered the sculptor craft. He made sculptures from clay and unmistakably copied the works of his predecessors, accurately choosing the techniques that could help him to develop his own style. Working in the San Marco Gardens, the young sculptor received permission to study human corpses. Studying the skeletons and muscles of dead bodies, Michelangelo was acquainted with the structure of the human body; however, he ruined his health a bit. At the age of 16, the young fellow created two sculptures, Madonna of the Stairs and Battle of the Centaurs. These bas-reliefs, made by Michelangelos hands, proved that the young master had an extraordinary gift, and would have a bright future. After the death of Lorenzo de Medici, his son Piero ruined the republican system of Florence. At the same time, the French army under the leadership of Charles VIII attacked Italy. A revolution broke out. Being torn apart by multiple wars, Florence surrendered. Generally, the political and economic situation in Italy was awful, and Michelangelo went to Venice and Rome where he continued his studies of antique statues and sculptures. .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e , .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .postImageUrl , .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e , .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e:hover , .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e:visited , .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e:active { border:0!important; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e:active , .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufaeccf26823f5853d81ba1432d81bf3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Johannes IttenIn 1501, Michelangelo got back to Florence where he was commissioned to create a sculpture of David using a 5-meter block of spoiled marble. There were a lot of masters who did not want to give one more chance to that piece of marble and create something new. Michelangelo was not afraid of difficulties and decided to give birth to the statue. He interpreted the image of David differently than artists usually did. He did not depict the winner with the head of a giant at his feet and with a strong sword in his hand. The sculpture of David created by Michelangelo was similar to Greek heroes. When the statue was finished, a commission including prominent citizens and artists decided to put the statue on the main square of the city in front of the Palazzo Vecchio. This masterpiece has an incredible harmony of forms, filled with energy and inner strength. The sculptor managed to breathe life into a cold piece of marble. Here, on the main square of the city, Michelangelo met Leonardo da Vinci. This meeting could not be called friendly because the 50-year-old Leonardo was jealous of the Michelangelo’s talent and treated him like a rival. Therefore, Piero Soderini organized a competition, commissioning the artists to create frescoes the walls of the Grand Council in the Palazzo Vecchio. Da Vinci started painting the fresco The Battle of Anghiari, while Michelangelo decided to depict The Battle of Kashin. When 2 sketches were put on the public display, none of the critics could give their preference to any of the works. Since Michelangelo was also known as a brilliant painter, he was asked to create a fresco on the ceiling of the Roman church in the Vatican. From 1508 to 1512, he was depicting the plot of the Old Testament including the moments of world creation and the flood. Michelangelo was very inspired by this commission and devoted 4 years of his life to this project. When the project started, the artist cooperated with Francesco Granati and Giuliano Bugiardini. However, due to the misunderstandings, Michelangelo fired them. During 4 years, he did not show his works even to the pope, who tried to look at the paintings. At the end of 1511, Michelangelo was so worn out by the requests of those eager to see the creation and opened the veil of secrecy. People were amazed by this work. Rafael was very impressed by that mural and changed his own style of painting. After completing the collection of these works, Michelangelo was very exhausted. In his diary, he wrote the following: â€Å"After making over 400 full-size sculptures, I felt old and tired. I was only 37, and my friends no longer recognized the old man whom I had become.†He also wrote that his eyes almost ceased to see because of hard work, and his life became gloomy and gray. In 1535, Michelangelo was working on one more painting in the Sistine Chapel. He created a fresco called Last Judgment. It became a bone of contention for parishioners due to the naked bodies depicted by Michelangelo on the painting. These humans symbolized the sinners and the righteous. The souls of the faithful were taken to the heavens while the souls of the sinners were taken to hell. Many believers said that the church is not a place for such a picture. While working on the painting, the artist fell from the woods and broke his leg. He took it as a sign from heaven and decided to leave this work unfinished. Many believe that he was convinced by his best friend who was a doctor and helped him to recover. Personal Life of Michelangelo Buonarroti There were many rumors about the personal life of a famous sculptor. Some chroniclers said that he had a lot of affairs with his sitters. Although he never got married, he had romantic relationships with the Marquis Vittoria Colonna. This woman, who had an extraordinary intellect, deserved the love and deep affection of Michelangelo. Moreover, the Marquis of Pescara is the only woman whose name is associated with the great artist. .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f , .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .postImageUrl , .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f , .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f:hover , .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f:visited , .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f:active { border:0!important; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f:active , .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3ed4ed0911263c07aeb8c573d9989e0f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Isaac LevitanThey met in 1536 when the Marquis arrived in Rome. A few years later the woman was forced to leave the city and go to Viterbo. Michelangelo and Vittoria kept in touch until her death in 1547. It is believed that the relationship between Michelangelo and Vittoria were platonic. Remaining faithful to her husband, the marquis had only friendly feelings towards the artist. Michelangelo devoted more than 300 poems and sonnets to his beloved woman. Last Years of Michelangelo Buonarroti During the last 15 years of his life, Michelangelo suffered from severe pain in joints. That was caused by the toxic paints, as the master had to constantly breathe these fumes. Michelangelo died on February 18, 1564. A few days before his death, the artist destroyed the unfinished sketches, drawings, and poems. Then he went to the tiny church of Santa Maria del Angeli, where he wanted to complete the sculpture of Madonna. The sculptor believed that all his works are unworthy in the eyes of God. He also thought that he did not deserve to have an eternal life in heaven, since he did not have offspring, except soulless stone statues. Michelangelo wanted to breathe life into the statue of the Madonna in order to complete his deeds on the earth. While completing this work, he lost consciousness and woke up the next morning. He went home, fell into bed, dictated his will and died. The great Italian sculptor and painter left behind a number of works that bring joy to art admirers. Even at the threshold of life and death, the master did not give up and tried to leave only the best of his works to his descendants.
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